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References

Primary Literature-

Cerrano, C., Cardini, U., Bianchelli, S. et al. Red coral extinction risk enhanced by ocean acidification. Sci Rep 3, 1457 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01457

Chamberlain, J. (1978). Mechanical Properties of Coral Skeleton: Compressive Strength and its Adaptive Significance. Paleobiology, 4(4), 419-435. Retrieved May 24, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2400190

Cohen, A., & Holcomb, M. (2009). Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism. Oceanography, 22(4), 118-127. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24861029

Constantz, B. R. (1986, April 1). Coral skeleton construction; a physiochemically dominated process. PALAIOS. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/palaios/article-abstract/1/2/152/99532/Coral-skeleton-construction-a-physiochemically?redirectedFrom=PDF.

ELIZABETH A. CHORNESKY and ESTHER C. PETERS, Chornesky, E. A., Search for more articles by this author, & Peters, E. C. (1987, April 1). SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND COLONY GROWTH IN THE SCLERACTINIAN CORAL PORITES ASTREOIDES. The Biological Bulletin. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1541790.

Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Carter, B., Bednaršek, N., Hales, B., Chan, F., . . . Juranek, L. (2016). Chemical and biological impacts of ocean acidification along the west coast of North America. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 183, 260-270. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.043

Gastrodermis. Gastrodermis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/gastrodermis#:~:text=The%20gastrodermis%20has%20glandular%20and,digest%20and%20incorporate%20the%20nutrients.&text=There%20is%20evidence%2C%20however%2C%20that,caecum%20of%20monogeneans%20is%20intracellular.

Gattuso, J., & Hansson, L. (2020). Ocean acidification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Inoue, M., Suwa, R., Suzuki, A., Sakai, K., & Kawahata, H. (2011, June 30). Effects of Seawater pH on growth and Skeletal u/ca ratios of Acropora digitifera coral polyps. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL047786

Glynn, P. W., Gassman, N. J., Eakin, C. M., Cortes, J., Smith, D. B., & Guzman, H. M. (n.d.). Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Marine Biology. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01313501.

Goldberg, W. M. (2002, August 13). Gastrodermal structure and feeding responses in the scleractinian Mycetophyllia reesi, a coral with novel digestive filaments. Tissue and Cell. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040816602000083.

Goldberg, W. M., & Taylor, G. T. (2005, February 6). Cellular structure and ultrastructure of the black coral Antipathes aperta: 1. Organization of the tentacular epidermis and nervous system. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.1052020210.

Krueger, T., Bodin, J., Horwitz, N., Loussert-Fonta, C., Sakr, A., Escrig, S., Fine, M., & Meibom, ddddddA. (2018). Temperature and feeding induce tissue level changes in autotrophic and ddddddheterotrophic nutrient allocation in the coral symbiosis - A NanoSIMS study. Scientific reports, 8(1), 12710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31094-1

McCook, L., Jompa, J., & Diaz-Pulido, G. (2014, January 25). Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: a review of evidence and mechanisms. Coral Reefs. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003380000129.

Meibom, A., Cuif, J.-P., Hillion, F., Constantz, B. R., Juillet-Leclerc, A., Dauphin, Y., Watanabe, T., & Dunbar, R. B. (2004, December 11). Distribution of magnesium in coral skeleton. AGU Journals. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004GL021313.

Muller-Parker G., D’Elia C.F., Cook C.B. (2015) Interactions Between Corals and Their Symbiotic Algae. In: Birkeland C. (eds) Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7249-5_5

Raz-Bahat, M., Douek, J., Moiseeva, E., Peters, E. C., & Rinkevich, B. (2017). The digestive system of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata. Cell and Tissue Research, 368(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-016-2555-y

Richmond, R. H. (1996, January 1). Effects of coastal runoff on coral reproduction. Biological Conservation. https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-531713e1-ff9c-35b2-8507-d901cf76dbde.

Rinkevich, B. (n.d.). The contribution of photosynthetic products to coral reproduction. Marine Biology. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00391465.

Satterlie, R. A. (2015, June 22). Cnidarian Nerve Nets and Neuromuscular Efficiency. OUP Academic. https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/6/1050/2363603.

Sun, Z., Xia, S., Feng, S., Zhang, Z., Rahman, M. M., Rajkumar, M., & Jiang, S. (2014, December 4). Effects of water temperature on survival, growth, digestive enzyme activities, and body composition of the leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus. Fisheries Science. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12562-014-0832-9.

Tambutté, S., Holcomb, M., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Reynaud, S., Tambutté, É., Zoccola, D., & Allemand, D. (2011, August 27). Coral biomineralization: From the gene to the environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098111003492.

Gray Literature-

Anatomy & Physiology. SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. (n.d.). https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/coral-and-coral-reefs/anatomy-and-physiology/#:~:text=Digestive%20System,by%20longitudinal%20membranes%20called%20mesenteries.&text=The%20edges%20of%20the%20mesenteries,the%20mouth%20to%20capture%20food.

Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Biology. Lumen. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylum-cnidaria/.

Coral Polyps. Coral Reef Alliance. (n.d.). https://coral.org/coral-reefs-101/coral-reef-ecology/coral-polyps/.

CoralPolyps. coraldigest. (n.d.). https://www.coraldigest.org/index.php/CoralPolyps.

Lippsett, L. (2018, November 12). How Do Corals Build Their Skeletons? Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/how-do-corals-build-their-skeletons/.

Press, P. (2015, November 12). Remote Isle La Motte, Vt., is home to world's oldest coral reef. Twin Cities. https://www.twincities.com/2010/12/04/remote-isle-la-motte-vt-is-home-to-worlds-oldest-coral-reef/#:~:text=The%20southern%20third%20of%20Isle,it%20once%20stretched%201%2C000%20miles.

Rafferty, J. P. (2020, March 28). Ocean acidification. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-acidification

Sanctuary, F. K. N. M. (2011, April 4). Corals can reproduce asexually and sexually. How do corals reproduce? https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/corals/reproduce.html.

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2013, June 1). How Do Corals Reproduce - Corals: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. Corals Tutorial. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral06_reproduction.html#:~:text=Corals%20can%20reproduce%20asexually%20and,a%20certain%20size%20and%20divides.&text=About%20three%2Dquarters%20of%20all,male%20and%2For%20female%20gametes.

US Department of Commerce, N. (2014, August 01). In what types of water do corals live? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coralwaters.html#:~:text=Reef%2Dbuilding%20coraldddddds%20cannot%20tolerate,%C2%B0%20Celsius)

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2013, June 1). What Are Corals? - Corals: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. What Are Corals? Corals Tutorial. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral01_intro.html.

US Department of Commerce, N. (2012, August 01). What is ocean acidification? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/acidification.html

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2013, June 1). Zooxanthellae...What's That - Corals: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education. Zooxanthellae: Corals Tutorial. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_corals/coral02_zooxanthellae.html#:~:text=The%20corals%20and%20algae%20have,the%20coral%20to%20remove%20wastes.

What is ocean acidification? (n.d.). https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F#:~:text=Calciumdddddd%20carbonate%20minerals%20are%20the,shells%20of%20many%20marine%20organisms.&text=However%2C%20continued%20ocean%20acidification%20is,produce%20and%20maintain%20their%20shells.

Wijgerde, T. (2020, November 28). Coral Feeding: An Overview. Reefs.com. https://reefs.com/magazine/coral-feeding-an-overview/.

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Yale Climate Connections Admin. (2020, October 16). Covering ocean ACIDIFICATION: ddddddChemistry and considerations " Yale Climate Connections. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2008/06/covering-ocean-acidification-chemistry-and-considerations/#:~:text=The%20term%20ocean%20acidification%20refers,lowering%20thdddddde%20pH%20of%20seawater.&text=Carbon%20dioxide%20reacts%20with%20seawater%20to%20form%20carbonic%20acid,releases%20hydrogen%20ions%2C%20reducing%20pH.

Photos/Videos-

calacademy. (2018, December 28). How Do Corals Build Reefs? | California Academy of Sciences. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=73&v=nBO7zWO1zXY&feature=emb_title.

NaturePBS. (2019, November 11). Witness a Massive Coral Spawning. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO_2JJynlOA.

YouTube. (2020, June 5). How to live without a heart or a brain - Lessons from a Jellyfish. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUogIRH2XwQ.

YouTube. (2020, September 20). Coral Feeding Time Lapse [Coral Eating]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RFeh1kWSdU.

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